## B.5. POSIX Time Zone Specifications

PostgreSQL can accept time zone specifications that are written according to the POSIX standard's rules for the `TZ` environment variable. POSIX time zone specifications are inadequate to deal with the complexity of real-world time zone history, but there are sometimes reasons to use them.

A POSIX time zone specification has the form

    STD offset [ DST [ dstoffset ] [ , rule ] ]

(For readability, we show spaces between the fields, but spaces should not be used in practice.) The fields are:

- `STD` is the zone abbreviation to be used for standard time.

- `offset` is the zone's standard-time offset from UTC.

- `DST` is the zone abbreviation to be used for daylight-savings time. If this field and the following ones are omitted, the zone uses a fixed UTC offset with no daylight-savings rule.

- `dstoffset` is the daylight-savings offset from UTC. This field is typically omitted, since it defaults to one hour less than the standard-time `offset`, which is usually the right thing.

- `rule` defines the rule for when daylight savings is in effect, as described below.

In this syntax, a zone abbreviation can be a string of letters, such as `EST`, or an arbitrary string surrounded by angle brackets, such as `<UTC-05>`. Note that the zone abbreviations given here are only used for output, and even then only in some timestamp output formats. The zone abbreviations recognized in timestamp input are determined as explained in Section B.4.

The offset fields specify the hours, and optionally minutes and seconds, difference from UTC. They have the format `hh`[`:``mm`[`:``ss`]] optionally with a leading sign (`+` or `-`). The positive sign is used for zones west of Greenwich. (Note that this is the opposite of the ISO-8601 sign convention used elsewhere in PostgreSQL.) `hh` can have one or two digits; `mm` and `ss` (if used) must have two.

The daylight-savings transition `rule` has the format

    dstdate [ / dsttime ] , stddate [ / stdtime ]

(As before, spaces should not be included in practice.) The `dstdate` and `dsttime` fields define when daylight-savings time starts, while `stddate` and `stdtime` define when standard time starts. (In some cases, notably in zones south of the equator, the former might be later in the year than the latter.) The date fields have one of these formats:

`n`

  A plain integer denotes a day of the year, counting from zero to 364, or to 365 in leap years.

`J` `n`

  In this form, `n` counts from 1 to 365, and February 29 is not counted even if it is present. (Thus, a transition occurring on February 29 could not be specified this way. However, days after February have the same numbers whether it's a leap year or not, so that this form is usually more useful than the plain-integer form for transitions on fixed dates.)

`M` `m``.``n``.``d`

  This form specifies a transition that always happens during the same month and on the same day of the week. `m` identifies the month, from 1 to 12. `n` specifies the `n`'th occurrence of the weekday identified by `d`. `n` is a number between 1 and 4, or 5 meaning the last occurrence of that weekday in the month (which could be the fourth or the fifth). `d` is a number between 0 and 6, with 0 indicating Sunday. For example, `M3.2.0` means “the second Sunday in March”.

### Note

The `M` format is sufficient to describe many common daylight-savings transition laws. But note that none of these variants can deal with daylight-savings law changes, so in practice the historical data stored for named time zones (in the IANA time zone database) is necessary to interpret past time stamps correctly.

The time fields in a transition rule have the same format as the offset fields described previously, except that they cannot contain signs. They define the current local time at which the change to the other time occurs. If omitted, they default to `02:00:00`.

If a daylight-savings abbreviation is given but the transition `rule` field is omitted, PostgreSQL attempts to determine the transition times by consulting the `posixrules` file in the IANA time zone database. This file has the same format as a full time zone entry, but only its transition timing rules are used, not its UTC offsets. Typically, this file has the same contents as the `US/Eastern` file, so that POSIX-style time zone specifications follow USA daylight-savings rules. If needed, you can adjust this behavior by replacing the `posixrules` file.

### Note

The facility to consult a `posixrules` file has been deprecated by IANA, and it is likely to go away in the future. One bug in this feature, which is unlikely to be fixed before it disappears, is that it fails to apply DST rules to dates after 2038.

If the `posixrules` file is not present, the fallback behavior is to use the rule `M3.2.0,M11.1.0`, which corresponds to USA practice as of 2020 (that is, spring forward on the second Sunday of March, fall back on the first Sunday of November, both transitions occurring at 2AM prevailing time).

As an example, `CET-1CEST,M3.5.0,M10.5.0/3` describes current (as of 2020) timekeeping practice in Paris. This specification says that standard time has the abbreviation `CET` and is one hour ahead (east) of UTC; daylight savings time has the abbreviation `CEST` and is implicitly two hours ahead of UTC; daylight savings time begins on the last Sunday in March at 2AM CET and ends on the last Sunday in October at 3AM CEST.

The four timezone names `EST5EDT`, `CST6CDT`, `MST7MDT`, and `PST8PDT` look like they are POSIX zone specifications. However, they actually are treated as named time zones because (for historical reasons) there are files by those names in the IANA time zone database. The practical implication of this is that these zone names will produce valid historical USA daylight-savings transitions, even when a plain POSIX specification would not due to lack of a suitable `posixrules` file.

One should be wary that it is easy to misspell a POSIX-style time zone specification, since there is no check on the reasonableness of the zone abbreviation(s). For example, `SET TIMEZONE TO FOOBAR0` will work, leaving the system effectively using a rather peculiar abbreviation for UTC.