## 35.3. Client Interfaces

This section describes the facilities that PostgreSQL's libpq client interface library provides for accessing large objects. The PostgreSQL large object interface is modeled after the Unix file-system interface, with analogues of `open`, `read`, `write`, `lseek`, etc.

All large object manipulation using these functions must take place within an SQL transaction block, since large object file descriptors are only valid for the duration of a transaction.

If an error occurs while executing any one of these functions, the function will return an otherwise-impossible value, typically 0 or -1. A message describing the error is stored in the connection object and can be retrieved with `PQerrorMessage`.

Client applications that use these functions should include the header file `libpq/libpq-fs.h` and link with the libpq library.

Client applications cannot use these functions while a libpq connection is in pipeline mode.

### 35.3.1. Creating a Large Object

The function

    Oid lo_create(PGconn *conn, Oid lobjId);

creates a new large object. The OID to be assigned can be specified by `lobjId`; if so, failure occurs if that OID is already in use for some large object. If `lobjId` is `InvalidOid` (zero) then `lo_create` assigns an unused OID. The return value is the OID that was assigned to the new large object, or `InvalidOid` (zero) on failure.

An example:

    inv_oid = lo_create(conn, desired_oid);

The older function

    Oid lo_creat(PGconn *conn, int mode);

also creates a new large object, always assigning an unused OID. The return value is the OID that was assigned to the new large object, or `InvalidOid` (zero) on failure.

In PostgreSQL releases 8.1 and later, the `mode` is ignored, so that `lo_creat` is exactly equivalent to `lo_create` with a zero second argument. However, there is little reason to use `lo_creat` unless you need to work with servers older than 8.1. To work with such an old server, you must use `lo_creat` not `lo_create`, and you must set `mode` to one of `INV_READ`, `INV_WRITE`, or `INV_READ` `|` `INV_WRITE`. (These symbolic constants are defined in the header file `libpq/libpq-fs.h`.)

An example:

    inv_oid = lo_creat(conn, INV_READ|INV_WRITE);

### 35.3.2. Importing a Large Object

To import an operating system file as a large object, call

    Oid lo_import(PGconn *conn, const char *filename);

`filename` specifies the operating system name of the file to be imported as a large object. The return value is the OID that was assigned to the new large object, or `InvalidOid` (zero) on failure. Note that the file is read by the client interface library, not by the server; so it must exist in the client file system and be readable by the client application.

The function

    Oid lo_import_with_oid(PGconn *conn, const char *filename, Oid lobjId);

also imports a new large object. The OID to be assigned can be specified by `lobjId`; if so, failure occurs if that OID is already in use for some large object. If `lobjId` is `InvalidOid` (zero) then `lo_import_with_oid` assigns an unused OID (this is the same behavior as `lo_import`). The return value is the OID that was assigned to the new large object, or `InvalidOid` (zero) on failure.

`lo_import_with_oid` is new as of PostgreSQL 8.4 and uses `lo_create` internally which is new in 8.1; if this function is run against 8.0 or before, it will fail and return `InvalidOid`.

### 35.3.3. Exporting a Large Object

To export a large object into an operating system file, call

    int lo_export(PGconn *conn, Oid lobjId, const char *filename);

The `lobjId` argument specifies the OID of the large object to export and the `filename` argument specifies the operating system name of the file. Note that the file is written by the client interface library, not by the server. Returns 1 on success, -1 on failure.

### 35.3.4. Opening an Existing Large Object

To open an existing large object for reading or writing, call

    int lo_open(PGconn *conn, Oid lobjId, int mode);

The `lobjId` argument specifies the OID of the large object to open. The `mode` bits control whether the object is opened for reading (`INV_READ`), writing (`INV_WRITE`), or both. (These symbolic constants are defined in the header file `libpq/libpq-fs.h`.) `lo_open` returns a (non-negative) large object descriptor for later use in `lo_read`, `lo_write`, `lo_lseek`, `lo_lseek64`, `lo_tell`, `lo_tell64`, `lo_truncate`, `lo_truncate64`, and `lo_close`. The descriptor is only valid for the duration of the current transaction. On failure, -1 is returned.

The server currently does not distinguish between modes `INV_WRITE` and `INV_READ` `|` `INV_WRITE`: you are allowed to read from the descriptor in either case. However there is a significant difference between these modes and `INV_READ` alone: with `INV_READ` you cannot write on the descriptor, and the data read from it will reflect the contents of the large object at the time of the transaction snapshot that was active when `lo_open` was executed, regardless of later writes by this or other transactions. Reading from a descriptor opened with `INV_WRITE` returns data that reflects all writes of other committed transactions as well as writes of the current transaction. This is similar to the behavior of `REPEATABLE READ` versus `READ COMMITTED` transaction modes for ordinary SQL `SELECT` commands.

`lo_open` will fail if `SELECT` privilege is not available for the large object, or if `INV_WRITE` is specified and `UPDATE` privilege is not available. (Prior to PostgreSQL 11, these privilege checks were instead performed at the first actual read or write call using the descriptor.) These privilege checks can be disabled with the lo_compat_privileges run-time parameter.

An example:

    inv_fd = lo_open(conn, inv_oid, INV_READ|INV_WRITE);

### 35.3.5. Writing Data to a Large Object

The function

    int lo_write(PGconn *conn, int fd, const char *buf, size_t len);

writes `len` bytes from `buf` (which must be of size `len`) to large object descriptor `fd`. The `fd` argument must have been returned by a previous `lo_open`. The number of bytes actually written is returned (in the current implementation, this will always equal `len` unless there is an error). In the event of an error, the return value is -1.

Although the `len` parameter is declared as `size_t`, this function will reject length values larger than `INT_MAX`. In practice, it's best to transfer data in chunks of at most a few megabytes anyway.

### 35.3.6. Reading Data from a Large Object

The function

    int lo_read(PGconn *conn, int fd, char *buf, size_t len);

reads up to `len` bytes from large object descriptor `fd` into `buf` (which must be of size `len`). The `fd` argument must have been returned by a previous `lo_open`. The number of bytes actually read is returned; this will be less than `len` if the end of the large object is reached first. In the event of an error, the return value is -1.

Although the `len` parameter is declared as `size_t`, this function will reject length values larger than `INT_MAX`. In practice, it's best to transfer data in chunks of at most a few megabytes anyway.

### 35.3.7. Seeking in a Large Object

To change the current read or write location associated with a large object descriptor, call

    int lo_lseek(PGconn *conn, int fd, int offset, int whence);

This function moves the current location pointer for the large object descriptor identified by `fd` to the new location specified by `offset`. The valid values for `whence` are `SEEK_SET` (seek from object start), `SEEK_CUR` (seek from current position), and `SEEK_END` (seek from object end). The return value is the new location pointer, or -1 on error.

When dealing with large objects that might exceed 2GB in size, instead use

    pg_int64 lo_lseek64(PGconn *conn, int fd, pg_int64 offset, int whence);

This function has the same behavior as `lo_lseek`, but it can accept an `offset` larger than 2GB and/or deliver a result larger than 2GB. Note that `lo_lseek` will fail if the new location pointer would be greater than 2GB.

`lo_lseek64` is new as of PostgreSQL 9.3. If this function is run against an older server version, it will fail and return -1.

### 35.3.8. Obtaining the Seek Position of a Large Object

To obtain the current read or write location of a large object descriptor, call

    int lo_tell(PGconn *conn, int fd);

If there is an error, the return value is -1.

When dealing with large objects that might exceed 2GB in size, instead use

    pg_int64 lo_tell64(PGconn *conn, int fd);

This function has the same behavior as `lo_tell`, but it can deliver a result larger than 2GB. Note that `lo_tell` will fail if the current read/write location is greater than 2GB.

`lo_tell64` is new as of PostgreSQL 9.3. If this function is run against an older server version, it will fail and return -1.

### 35.3.9. Truncating a Large Object

To truncate a large object to a given length, call

    int lo_truncate(PGconn *conn, int fd, size_t len);

This function truncates the large object descriptor `fd` to length `len`. The `fd` argument must have been returned by a previous `lo_open`. If `len` is greater than the large object's current length, the large object is extended to the specified length with null bytes ('\0'). On success, `lo_truncate` returns zero. On error, the return value is -1.

The read/write location associated with the descriptor `fd` is not changed.

Although the `len` parameter is declared as `size_t`, `lo_truncate` will reject length values larger than `INT_MAX`.

When dealing with large objects that might exceed 2GB in size, instead use

    int lo_truncate64(PGconn *conn, int fd, pg_int64 len);

This function has the same behavior as `lo_truncate`, but it can accept a `len` value exceeding 2GB.

`lo_truncate` is new as of PostgreSQL 8.3; if this function is run against an older server version, it will fail and return -1.

`lo_truncate64` is new as of PostgreSQL 9.3; if this function is run against an older server version, it will fail and return -1.

### 35.3.10. Closing a Large Object Descriptor

A large object descriptor can be closed by calling

    int lo_close(PGconn *conn, int fd);

where `fd` is a large object descriptor returned by `lo_open`. On success, `lo_close` returns zero. On error, the return value is -1.

Any large object descriptors that remain open at the end of a transaction will be closed automatically.

### 35.3.11. Removing a Large Object

To remove a large object from the database, call

    int lo_unlink(PGconn *conn, Oid lobjId);

The `lobjId` argument specifies the OID of the large object to remove. Returns 1 if successful, -1 on failure.