## 67.2. Multivariate Statistics Examples

### 67.2.1. Functional Dependencies

Multivariate correlation can be demonstrated with a very simple data set — a table with two columns, both containing the same values:

    CREATE TABLE t (a INT, b INT);
    INSERT INTO t SELECT i % 100, i % 100 FROM generate_series(1, 10000) s(i);
    ANALYZE t;

As explained in Section 14.2, the planner can determine cardinality of `t` using the number of pages and rows obtained from `pg_class`:

    SELECT relpages, reltuples FROM pg_class WHERE relname = 't';

     relpages | reltuples
    ----------+-----------
           45 |     10000

The data distribution is very simple; there are only 100 distinct values in each column, uniformly distributed.

The following example shows the result of estimating a `WHERE` condition on the `a` column:

    EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, TIMING OFF) SELECT * FROM t WHERE a = 1;
                                     QUERY PLAN
    -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     Seq Scan on t  (cost=0.00..170.00 rows=100 width=8) (actual rows=100 loops=1)
       Filter: (a = 1)
       Rows Removed by Filter: 9900

The planner examines the condition and determines the selectivity of this clause to be 1%. By comparing this estimate and the actual number of rows, we see that the estimate is very accurate (in fact exact, as the table is very small). Changing the `WHERE` condition to use the `b` column, an identical plan is generated. But observe what happens if we apply the same condition on both columns, combining them with `AND`:

    EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, TIMING OFF) SELECT * FROM t WHERE a = 1 AND b = 1;
                                     QUERY PLAN
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
     Seq Scan on t  (cost=0.00..195.00 rows=1 width=8) (actual rows=100 loops=1)
       Filter: ((a = 1) AND (b = 1))
       Rows Removed by Filter: 9900

The planner estimates the selectivity for each condition individually, arriving at the same 1% estimates as above. Then it assumes that the conditions are independent, and so it multiplies their selectivities, producing a final selectivity estimate of just 0.01%. This is a significant underestimate, as the actual number of rows matching the conditions (100) is two orders of magnitude higher.

This problem can be fixed by creating a statistics object that directs `ANALYZE` to calculate functional-dependency multivariate statistics on the two columns:

    CREATE STATISTICS stts (dependencies) ON a, b FROM t;
    ANALYZE t;
    EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, TIMING OFF) SELECT * FROM t WHERE a = 1 AND b = 1;
                                      QUERY PLAN
    -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     Seq Scan on t  (cost=0.00..195.00 rows=100 width=8) (actual rows=100 loops=1)
       Filter: ((a = 1) AND (b = 1))
       Rows Removed by Filter: 9900

### 67.2.2. Multivariate N-Distinct Counts

A similar problem occurs with estimation of the cardinality of sets of multiple columns, such as the number of groups that would be generated by a `GROUP BY` clause. When `GROUP BY` lists a single column, the n-distinct estimate (which is visible as the estimated number of rows returned by the HashAggregate node) is very accurate:

    EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, TIMING OFF) SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t GROUP BY a;
                                           QUERY PLAN
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     HashAggregate  (cost=195.00..196.00 rows=100 width=12) (actual rows=100 loops=1)
       Group Key: a
       ->  Seq Scan on t  (cost=0.00..145.00 rows=10000 width=4) (actual rows=10000 loops=1)

But without multivariate statistics, the estimate for the number of groups in a query with two columns in `GROUP BY`, as in the following example, is off by an order of magnitude:

    EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, TIMING OFF) SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t GROUP BY a, b;
                                           QUERY PLAN
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     HashAggregate  (cost=220.00..230.00 rows=1000 width=16) (actual rows=100 loops=1)
       Group Key: a, b
       ->  Seq Scan on t  (cost=0.00..145.00 rows=10000 width=8) (actual rows=10000 loops=1)

By redefining the statistics object to include n-distinct counts for the two columns, the estimate is much improved:

    DROP STATISTICS stts;
    CREATE STATISTICS stts (dependencies, ndistinct) ON a, b FROM t;
    ANALYZE t;
    EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, TIMING OFF) SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t GROUP BY a, b;
                                           QUERY PLAN
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     HashAggregate  (cost=220.00..221.00 rows=100 width=16) (actual rows=100 loops=1)
       Group Key: a, b
       ->  Seq Scan on t  (cost=0.00..145.00 rows=10000 width=8) (actual rows=10000 loops=1)